Immunization = Different Types of Vaccine their Agent & Use (HINDI)

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Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in diseases, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer.

The immune system is a complex system of structures and processes that have evolved to protect us from the disease. Molecular and cellular components make up the immune system. The function of these components is divided up into nonspecific mechanisms, those which are innate to an organism, and responsive responses, which are adaptive to specific pathogens. Fundamental or classical immunology involves studying the components that make up the innate and adaptive immune system.

Innate immunity is the first line of defence and is non-specific. That is, the responses are the same for all potential pathogens, no matter how different they may be. Innate immunity includes physical barriers (e.g. skin, saliva etc.) and cells (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells etc.). These components ‘are ready to go’ and protect an organism for the first few days of infection. In some cases, this is enough to clear the pathogen, but in other instances, the first defence becomes overwhelmed and the second line of defence kicks in.

Adaptive immunity is the second line of defence which involves building up the memory of encountered infections so can mount an enhanced response specific to the pathogen or foreign substance. Adaptive immunity involves antibodies, which generally target foreign pathogens roaming free in the bloodstream. Also involved are T cells, which are directed especially towards pathogens that have colonised cells and can directly kill infected cells or help control the antibody response.

Immunostimulants are substances that stimulate the immune system. Specific Immunostimulants such as vaccines stimulate an immune response to specific antigenic types. Non-specific Immunostimulants do not have antigenic specificity and are widely used in chronic infections, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and neoplastic diseases.

Immunosuppressant inhibits the immune response in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases, whereas Immunostimulants increase the immune response in infections, immunodeficiency (for example AIDS) and cancers. The term immunomodulation is used rather than immunostimulator for a substance that causes measurable alterations in immune function. Their action can be specific or nonspecific.

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